27 results on '"Häkkänen, H."'
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2. Analysis of powdered tungsten carbide hard-metal precursors and cemented compact tungsten carbides using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
- Author
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Novotný, K., primary, Staňková, A., additional, Häkkänen, H., additional, Korppi-Tommola, J., additional, Otruba, V., additional, and Kanický, V., additional
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
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3. Analysis of paper by laser-induced plasma spectroscopy
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Häkkänen, H., primary, Houni, J., additional, Kaski, S., additional, and Korppi-Tommola, J.E.I., additional
- Published
- 2001
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4. Raman mapping of fluorescent minerals:comparison of time-gated and continuous wave setups
- Author
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Romppanen, S. (Sari), Häkkänen, H. (Heikki), Kekkonen, J. (Jere), Nissinen, J. (Jan), Nissinen, I. (Ilkka), Kostamovaara, J. (Juha), and Kaski, S. (Saara)
- Published
- 2018
5. UV-Laser Plasma Study of Elemental Distributions of Paper Coatings
- Author
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Häkkänen, H. J., primary and Korppi-Tommola, J. E. I., additional
- Published
- 1995
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6. Laser-Induced Fluorescence Imaging of Paper Surfaces
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Häkkänen, H. J., primary and Korppi-Tommola, J. E. I., additional
- Published
- 1993
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7. Sleepiness at work among commercial truck drivers.
- Author
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Häkkänen, H and Summala, H
- Abstract
Two separate groups consisting of both long-haul (N=184) and short-haul (N=133) truck drivers were surveyed to examine the frequency of driver sleepiness-related problems at work during the previous three months and to assess the incidence of sleep apnea syndrome symptoms. We also aimed to identify factors likely to predict self-reported difficulties in staying alert in work driving, dozing off (sometimes referred to as microsleeps) at the wheel and near misses. The responses suggest that for approximately 13% of the long-haul drivers the mean driving time per shift exceeded the EEC regulation. About 40% of the long-haul drivers and 21% of the short-haul drivers reported having problems in staying alert on at least 20% of their drives. Over 20% of the long-haul drivers also reported having dozed off at least twice while driving. Near misses due to dozing off had occurred in 17% of these drivers. Factors indicating sleep apnea syndrome occurred in only about 4% of the long-haul drivers and in only two short-haul drivers. Work and individual related factors as well as factors indicating sleep apnea syndrome contributed only slightly to predicting driver sleepiness-related problems. This suggests that driver sleepiness-related problems tend to be shared by many of the professional drivers, rather than being a "specific" and permanent problem for a smaller portion of drivers. However, difficulties in sleep patterns, such as having difficulty falling asleep, were infrequent.
- Published
- 2000
8. Blink duration as an indicator of driver sleepiness in professional bus drivers.
- Author
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Häkkänen, H, Summala, H, Partinen, M, Tiihonen, M, and Silvo, J
- Abstract
This study focused on eyeblink duration as a measure of sleepiness in on-road driving and on the driving performance of professional bus drivers with polysomnographically confirmed mild obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS). Ten bus drivers with OSAS and their matched controls participated in the study. The Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT) and a monotonous on-road driving task were completed. Eyeblink duration and frequency and speed control were measured while driving. Lane-keeping was evaluated by the supervisor in the car. Subsequent to these tasks, drivers with OSAS received continuous positive airway pressure treatment (nasal CPAP). After nine weeks of treatment, the tasks were repeated. Prior to treatment the average blink duration in the driving task was significantly longer and sleep latency in the MWT was significantly shorter for bus drivers with OSAS than for controls (mean blink duration 82.3 ms; 51.9 ms and mean sleep latency 23.2 min; 35.4 min), indicating increased daytime sleepiness. Subsequent to treatment both measures in drivers with OSAS decreased to the level of the controls. Treatment effects in MWT and blink duration in on-road driving also correlated significantly. No significant differences between the groups appeared in average blink frequency or driving performance in terms of maintenance of speed. No significant lane drifting appeared either. These results support earlier findings on blink duration as an indicator of increased sleepiness and have important implications for those involved in the transport technological industry. The findings also suggest that nasal CPAP treatment is effective in reducing excessive daytime sleepiness.
- Published
- 1999
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9. Obstructive sleep apnea among professional bus drivers: Prevalence and effects on driving
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Markku Mikael Partinen, Hiltunen, H., Hirvonen, K., Hublin, C., Heikki Summala, Häkkänen, H., and Silvo, J.
10. Site-by-site tracking of signal transduction in an azidophenylalanine-labeled bacteriophytochrome with step-scan FTIR spectroscopy.
- Author
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Kurttila M, Stucki-Buchli B, Rumfeldt J, Schroeder L, Häkkänen H, Liukkonen A, Takala H, Kottke T, and Ihalainen JA
- Subjects
- Amino Acid Sequence, Amino Acids chemistry, Binding Sites, Kinetics, Models, Molecular, Phenylalanine chemistry, Photochemical Processes, Protein Binding, Protein Conformation, Signal Transduction, Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared, Staining and Labeling, Azides chemistry, Bacterial Proteins chemistry, Phenylalanine analogs & derivatives, Phytochrome chemistry
- Abstract
Signal propagation in photosensory proteins is a complex and multidimensional event. Unraveling such mechanisms site-specifically in real time is an eligible but a challenging goal. Here, we elucidate the site-specific events in a red-light sensing phytochrome using the unnatural amino acid azidophenylalanine, vibrationally distinguishable from all other protein signals. In canonical phytochromes, signal transduction starts with isomerization of an excited bilin chromophore, initiating a multitude of processes in the photosensory unit of the protein, which eventually control the biochemical activity of the output domain, nanometers away from the chromophore. By implementing the label in prime protein locations and running two-color step-scan FTIR spectroscopy on the Deinococcus radiodurans bacteriophytochrome, we track the signal propagation at three specific sites in the photosensory unit. We show that a structurally switchable hairpin extension, a so-called tongue region, responds to the photoconversion already in microseconds and finalizes its structural changes concomitant with the chromophore, in milliseconds. In contrast, kinetics from the other two label positions indicate that the site-specific changes deviate from the chromophore actions, even though the labels locate in the chromophore vicinity. Several other sites for labeling resulted in impaired photoswitching, low structural stability, or no changes in the difference spectrum, which provides additional information on the inner dynamics of the photosensory unit. Our work enlightens the multidimensionality of the structural changes of proteins under action. The study also shows that the signaling mechanism of phytochromes is accessible in a time-resolved and site-specific approach by azido probes and demonstrates challenges in using these labels.
- Published
- 2021
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11. Bioactive glass ions induce efficient osteogenic differentiation of human adipose stem cells encapsulated in gellan gum and collagen type I hydrogels.
- Author
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Vuornos K, Ojansivu M, Koivisto JT, Häkkänen H, Belay B, Montonen T, Huhtala H, Kääriäinen M, Hupa L, Kellomäki M, Hyttinen J, Ihalainen JA, and Miettinen S
- Subjects
- Animals, Biomarkers metabolism, Calcification, Physiologic drug effects, Cell Count, Cell Survival drug effects, Compressive Strength, Cross-Linking Reagents chemistry, Durapatite chemistry, Female, Gene Expression Regulation drug effects, Humans, Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate pharmacology, Ions, Middle Aged, Minerals chemistry, Osteocalcin metabolism, Rats, Serum metabolism, Spectrum Analysis, Raman, Stem Cells drug effects, Tissue Scaffolds chemistry, Adipose Tissue cytology, Cell Differentiation drug effects, Collagen Type I pharmacology, Glass chemistry, Osteogenesis drug effects, Osteogenesis genetics, Polysaccharides, Bacterial pharmacology, Stem Cells cytology
- Abstract
Background: Due to unmet need for bone augmentation, our aim was to promote osteogenic differentiation of human adipose stem cells (hASCs) encapsulated in gellan gum (GG) or collagen type I (COL) hydrogels with bioactive glass (experimental glass 2-06 of composition [wt-%]: Na
2 O 12.1, K2 O 14.0, CaO 19.8, P2 O5 2.5, B2 O3 1.6, SiO2 50.0) extract based osteogenic medium (BaG OM) for bone construct development. GG hydrogels were crosslinked with spermidine (GG-SPD) or BaG extract (GG-BaG)., Methods: Mechanical properties of cell-free GG-SPD, GG-BaG, and COL hydrogels were tested in osteogenic medium (OM) or BaG OM at 0, 14, and 21 d. Hydrogel embedded hASCs were cultured in OM or BaG OM for 3, 14, and 21 d, and analyzed for viability, cell number, osteogenic gene expression, osteocalcin production, and mineralization. Hydroxyapatite-stained GG-SPD samples were imaged with Optical Projection Tomography (OPT) and Selective Plane Illumination Microscopy (SPIM) in OM and BaG OM at 21 d. Furthermore, Raman spectroscopy was used to study the calcium phosphate (CaP) content of hASC-secreted ECM in GG-SPD, GG-BaG, and COL at 21 d in BaG OM., Results: The results showed viable rounded cells in GG whereas hASCs were elongated in COL. Importantly, BaG OM induced significantly higher cell number and higher osteogenic gene expression in COL. In both hydrogels, BaG OM induced strong mineralization confirmed as CaP by Raman spectroscopy and significantly improved mechanical properties. GG-BaG hydrogels rescued hASC mineralization in OM. OPT and SPIM showed homogeneous 3D cell distribution with strong mineralization in BaG OM. Also, strong osteocalcin production was visible in COL., Conclusions: Overall, we showed efficacious osteogenesis of hASCs in 3D hydrogels with BaG OM with potential for bone-like grafts., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2019
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12. Chromophore-Protein Interplay during the Phytochrome Photocycle Revealed by Step-Scan FTIR Spectroscopy.
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Ihalainen JA, Gustavsson E, Schroeder L, Donnini S, Lehtivuori H, Isaksson L, Thöing C, Modi V, Berntsson O, Stucki-Buchli B, Liukkonen A, Häkkänen H, Kalenius E, Westenhoff S, and Kottke T
- Subjects
- Adenylyl Cyclases chemistry, Adenylyl Cyclases metabolism, Bacterial Proteins chemistry, Bacterial Proteins metabolism, Biliverdine metabolism, Deinococcus metabolism, Hydrogen Bonding, Molecular Dynamics Simulation, Photochemical Processes, Phytochrome metabolism, Protein Conformation, beta-Strand, Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared, Water chemistry, Biliverdine chemistry, Deinococcus chemistry, Phytochrome chemistry
- Abstract
Phytochrome proteins regulate many photoresponses of plants and microorganisms. Light absorption causes isomerization of the biliverdin chromophore, which triggers a series of structural changes to activate the signaling domains of the protein. However, the structural changes are elusive, and therefore the molecular mechanism of signal transduction remains poorly understood. Here, we apply two-color step-scan infrared spectroscopy to the bacteriophytochrome from Deinococcus radiodurans. We show by recordings in H
2 O and D2 O that the hydrogen bonds to the biliverdin D-ring carbonyl become disordered in the first intermediate (Lumi-R) forming a dynamic microenvironment, then completely detach in the second intermediate (Meta-R), and finally reform in the signaling state (Pfr). The spectra reveal via isotope labeling that the refolding of the conserved "PHY-tongue" region occurs with the last transition between Meta-R and Pfr. Additional changes in the protein backbone are detected already within microseconds in Lumi-R. Aided by molecular dynamics simulations, we find that a strictly conserved salt bridge between an arginine of the PHY tongue and an aspartate of the chromophore binding domains is broken in Lumi-R and the arginine is recruited to the D-ring C═O. This rationalizes how isomerization of the chromophore is linked to the global structural rearrangement in the sensory receptor. Our findings advance the structural understanding of phytochrome photoactivation.- Published
- 2018
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13. Coordination of the biliverdin D-ring in bacteriophytochromes.
- Author
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Lenngren N, Edlund P, Takala H, Stucki-Buchli B, Rumfeldt J, Peshev I, Häkkänen H, Westenhoff S, and Ihalainen JA
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- Binding Sites, Deinococcus chemistry, Hydrogen Bonding, Models, Molecular, Photochemical Processes, Protein Binding, Protein Conformation, Proteobacteria chemistry, Bacterial Proteins chemistry, Biliverdine chemistry, Phytochrome chemistry
- Abstract
Phytochrome proteins translate light into biochemical signals in plants, fungi and microorganisms. Light cues are absorbed by a bilin chromophore, leading to an isomerization and a rotation of the D-ring. This relays the signal to the protein matrix. A set of amino acids, which is conserved across the phytochrome superfamily, holds the chromophore in the binding pocket. However, the functional role of many of these amino acids is not yet understood. Here, we investigate the hydrogen bonding network which surrounds the D-ring of the chromophore in the resting (Pr) state. We use UV/vis spectroscopy, infrared absorption spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography to compare the photosensory domains from Deinococcus radiodurans, the phytochrome 1 from Stigmatella aurantiaca, and a D. radiodurans H290T mutant. In the latter two, an otherwise conserved histidine next to the D-ring is replaced by a threonine. Our infrared absorption data indicate that the carbonyl of the D-ring is more strongly coordinated by hydrogen bonds when the histidine is missing. This is in apparent contrast with the crystal structure of the PAS-GAF domain of phytochrome 1 from S. aurantiaca (pdb code 4RPW), which did not resolve any obvious binding partners for the D-ring carbonyl. We present a new crystal structure of the H290T mutant of the PAS-GAF from D. radiodurans phytochrome. The 1.4 Å-resolution structure reveals additional water molecules, which fill the void created by the mutation. Two of the waters are significantly disordered, suggesting that flexibility might be important for the photoconversion. Finally, we report a spectral analysis which quantitatively explains why the histidine-less phytochromes do not reach equal Pfr-type absorption in the photoequilibrium compared to the Deinococcus radiodurans wild-type protein. The study highlights the importance of water molecules and the hydrogen bonding network around the chromophore for controlling the isomerization reaction and spectral properties of phytochromes.
- Published
- 2018
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14. Light-induced structural changes in a monomeric bacteriophytochrome.
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Takala H, Niebling S, Berntsson O, Björling A, Lehtivuori H, Häkkänen H, Panman M, Gustavsson E, Hoernke M, Newby G, Zontone F, Wulff M, Menzel A, Ihalainen JA, and Westenhoff S
- Abstract
Phytochromes sense red light in plants and various microorganism. Light absorption causes structural changes within the protein, which alter its biochemical activity. Bacterial phytochromes are dimeric proteins, but the functional relevance of this arrangement remains unclear. Here, we use time-resolved X-ray scattering to reveal the solution structural change of a monomeric variant of the photosensory core module of the phytochrome from Deinococcus radiodurans. The data reveal two motions, a bend and a twist of the PHY domain with respect to the chromophore-binding domains. Infrared spectroscopy shows the refolding of the PHY tongue. We conclude that a monomer of the phytochrome photosensory core is sufficient to perform the light-induced structural changes. This implies that allosteric cooperation with the other monomer is not needed for structural activation. The dimeric arrangement may instead be intrinsic to the biochemical output domains of bacterial phytochromes.
- Published
- 2016
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15. Bridged Epipolythiodiketopiperazines from Penicillium raciborskii, an Endophytic Fungus of Rhododendron tomentosum Harmaja.
- Author
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Kajula M, Ward JM, Turpeinen A, Tejesvi MV, Hokkanen J, Tolonen A, Häkkänen H, Picart P, Ihalainen J, Sahl HG, Pirttilä AM, and Mattila S
- Subjects
- Antifungal Agents chemistry, Antifungal Agents pharmacology, Molecular Structure, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular, Piperazines chemistry, Piperazines pharmacology, Antifungal Agents isolation & purification, Penicillium chemistry, Piperazines isolation & purification, Rhododendron microbiology
- Abstract
Three new epithiodiketopiperazine natural products [outovirin A (1), outovirin B (2), and outovirin C (3)] resembling the antifungal natural product gliovirin have been identified in extracts of Penicillium raciborskii, an endophytic fungus isolated from Rhododendron tomentosum. The compounds are unusual for their class in that they possess sulfide bridges between α- and β-carbons rather than the typical α-α bridging. To our knowledge, outovirin A represents the first reported naturally produced epimonothiodiketopiperazine, and antifungal outovirin C is the first reported trisulfide gliovirin-like compound. This report describes the identification and structural elucidation of the compounds by LC-MS/MS and NMR.
- Published
- 2016
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16. Bioactive glass ions as strong enhancers of osteogenic differentiation in human adipose stem cells.
- Author
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Ojansivu M, Vanhatupa S, Björkvik L, Häkkänen H, Kellomäki M, Autio R, Ihalainen JA, Hupa L, and Miettinen S
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- Cell Proliferation, Humans, Ions, Adipose Tissue cytology, Biocompatible Materials, Cell Differentiation, Glass, Stem Cells cytology
- Abstract
Bioactive glasses are known for their ability to induce osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. To elucidate the mechanism of the osteoinductivity in more detail, we studied whether ionic extracts prepared from a commercial glass S53P4 and from three experimental glasses (2-06, 1-06 and 3-06) are alone sufficient to induce osteogenic differentiation of human adipose stem cells. Cells were cultured using basic medium or osteogenic medium as extract basis. Our results indicate that cells stay viable in all the glass extracts for the whole culturing period, 14 days. At 14 days the mineralization in osteogenic medium extracts was excessive compared to the control. Parallel to the increased mineralization we observed a decrease in the cell amount. Raman and Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy analyses confirmed that the mineral consisted of calcium phosphates. Consistently, the osteogenic medium extracts also increased osteocalcin production and collagen Type-I accumulation in the extracellular matrix at 13 days. Of the four osteogenic medium extracts, 2-06 and 3-06 induced the best responses of osteogenesis. However, regardless of the enhanced mineral formation, alkaline phosphatase activity was not promoted by the extracts. The osteogenic medium extracts could potentially provide a fast and effective way to differentiate human adipose stem cells in vitro., (Copyright © 2015 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2015
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17. Raman spectroscopic signatures of echovirus 1 uncoating.
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Ruokola P, Dadu E, Kazmertsuk A, Häkkänen H, Marjomäki V, and Ihalainen JA
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- Animals, Chlorocebus aethiops, Enterovirus B, Human radiation effects, Enterovirus B, Human ultrastructure, Hot Temperature, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission, Vero Cells, Virion chemistry, Virion ultrastructure, Enterovirus B, Human chemistry, Enterovirus B, Human physiology, RNA, Viral analysis, Spectrum Analysis, Raman, Viral Proteins analysis, Virus Uncoating
- Abstract
Unlabelled: In recent decades, Raman spectroscopy has entered the biological and medical fields. It enables nondestructive analysis of structural details at the molecular level and has been used to study viruses and their constituents. Here, we used Raman spectroscopy to study echovirus 1 (EV1), a small, nonenveloped human pathogen, in two different uncoating states induced by heat treatments. Raman signals of capsid proteins and RNA genome were observed from the intact virus, the uncoating intermediate, and disrupted virions. Transmission electron microscopy data revealed general structural changes between the studied particles. Compared to spectral characteristics of proteins in the intact virion, those of the proteins of the heat-treated particles indicated reduced α-helix content with respect to β-sheets and coil structures. Changes observed in tryptophan and tyrosine signals suggest an increasingly hydrophilic environment around these residues. RNA signals revealed a change in the environment of the genome and in its conformation. The ionized-carbonyl vibrations showed small changes between the intact virion and the uncoating intermediate, which points to cleavage of salt bridges in the protein structure during the uncoating process. In conclusion, our data reveal distinguishable Raman signatures of the intact, intermediate, and disrupted EV1 particles. These changes indicate structural, chemical, and solute-solvent alterations in the genome and in the capsid proteins and lay the essential groundwork for investigating the uncoating of EV1 and related viruses in real time., Importance: In order to combat virus infection, we need to know the details of virus uncoating. We present here the novel Raman signatures for opened and intact echovirus 1. This gives hope that the signatures may be used in the near future to evaluate the ambient conditions in endosomes leading to virus uncoating using, e.g., coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) imaging. These studies will complement structural studies on virus uncoating. In addition, Raman/CARS imaging offers the possibility of making dynamic live measurements in vitro and in cells which are impossible to measure by, for example, cryo-electron tomography. Furthermore, as viral Raman spectra can be overwhelmed with various contaminants, our study is highly relevant in demonstrating the importance of sample preparation for Raman spectroscopy in the field of virology., (Copyright © 2014, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.)
- Published
- 2014
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18. The intergenerational cycle of criminality--association with psychopathy.
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Repo-Tiihonen E, Tiihonen J, Lindberg N, Weizmann-Henelius G, Putkonen H, and Häkkänen H
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- Adolescent, Adult, Alcoholism epidemiology, Antisocial Personality Disorder epidemiology, Criminal Psychology, Family Characteristics, Female, Finland epidemiology, Forensic Psychiatry, Homicide statistics & numerical data, Humans, Male, Mental Disorders epidemiology, Parents psychology, Risk Factors, Antisocial Personality Disorder psychology, Crime, Intergenerational Relations
- Abstract
Preventive interventions early in life are likely to lower the risk of intergenerational transmission of criminal behavior. We investigated if psychopathy among homicidal offenders is associated with criminal offending among the offenders' offspring. The basic sample consisted of consecutive Finnish homicide offenders (during 1995-2004) who had been subjected to a forensic psychiatric examination and rated for a file-based PCL-R, and their offspring. Criminal behavior among both genders of the offspring was more common than in the general population. In general, the offspring's crimes against others (e.g., threat, intimidation, deprivation of freedom, breach of domicile) were associated with their parent's psychopathy. A grandfather's major mental disorder was associated with a high rate of crime committed by the offspring. Especially, the sons of male psychopathic homicidal offenders had the highest rate of committing crimes, which was often expressed as vandalism. However, both genders of offspring seem to require special preventive programs to ameliorate these problems.
- Published
- 2010
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19. Differences between homicide and filicide offenders; results of a nationwide register-based case-control study.
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Putkonen H, Weizmann-Henelius G, Lindberg N, Eronen M, and Häkkänen H
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- Adult, Age Factors, Alcohol-Related Disorders diagnosis, Alcohol-Related Disorders epidemiology, Antisocial Personality Disorder epidemiology, Antisocial Personality Disorder psychology, Case-Control Studies, Child, Female, Finland epidemiology, Forensic Psychiatry, Homicide psychology, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychotic Disorders epidemiology, Psychotic Disorders psychology, Registries statistics & numerical data, Risk Factors, Substance-Related Disorders, Crime Victims statistics & numerical data, Homicide statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Background: Filicide, the killing of one's child, is an extraordinary form of homicide. It has commonly been associated with suicide and parental psychiatric illness. In the research on filicide, nationwide studies with comparison groups, specific perpetrator subgroups, and assessment of possible risk factors have been called for. The purpose of the current study was to provide all that., Methods: In this nationwide register-based case-control study all filicide offenders who were in a forensic psychiatric examination in Finland 1995-2004 were examined and compared with an age- and gender matched control group of homicide offenders. The assessed variables were psychosocial history, index offence, and psychiatric variables as well as psychopathy using the PCL-R., Results: Filicide offenders were not significantly more often diagnosed with psychotic disorders than the controls but they had attempted suicide at the crime scene significantly more often. Filicide offenders had alcohol abuse/dependence and antisocial personality less often than the controls. Filicide offenders scored significantly lower on psychopathy than the controls. Within the group of filicide offenders, the psychopathy items with relatively higher scores were lack of remorse or guilt, shallow affect, callous/lack of empathy, poor behavioral controls, and failure to accept responsibility., Conclusion: Since filicide offenders did not seem significantly more mentally disordered than the other homicide offenders, psychiatry alone cannot be held responsible for the prevention of filicide. Extensive international studies are needed to replicate our findings and provide more specific knowledge in order to enhance prevention.
- Published
- 2009
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20. Changes over time in homicides by women: a register-based study comparing female offenders from 1982 to 1992 and 1993 to 2005.
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Putkonen H, Weizmann-Henelius G, Lindberg N, Rovamo T, and Häkkänen H
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- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alcoholic Intoxication epidemiology, Female, Finland epidemiology, Homicide prevention & control, Homicide statistics & numerical data, Humans, Middle Aged, Registries statistics & numerical data, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Social Change, Substance-Related Disorders epidemiology, Homicide trends
- Abstract
Background: The contribution of women to violent offending, including homicide, may be increasing as society changes., Aims: The aim of this paper was to test for trends in homicide by women in Finland., Methods: A retrospective register-based study was conducted by comparing two national cohorts: one from 1982 to 1992 and the other from 1993 to 2005., Results: There was a small increase in the proportion of homicides committed by women over time, but the most striking difference between the cohorts was in the significantly higher frequency of alcohol abuse/dependence in the later cohort and of being under the influence of alcohol during the crime. Fewer perpetrators were regarded as lacking or being of diminished responsibility in the later cohort. The victims of the earlier cohort were emotionally closer to the offender than those of the later one., Conclusions: In Finland, there have been changes in characteristics of women who commit homicide and their crimes over time, with the apparent development of a subgroup of women who kill who are much more like men who kill than women in the 1980s and early 1990s. Preventing substance abuse and marginalization are likely to be important ways of preventing homicide by both female and male perpetrators., (Copyright (c) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)
- Published
- 2008
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21. Adolescent homicides in Finland: offence and offender characteristics.
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Hagelstam C and Häkkänen H
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Conduct Disorder epidemiology, Crime Victims statistics & numerical data, Developmental Disabilities epidemiology, Female, Finland epidemiology, Forensic Psychiatry, Humans, Intelligence, Male, Methods, Middle Aged, Motivation, Personality Disorders epidemiology, Retrospective Studies, Self-Injurious Behavior epidemiology, Sex Factors, Substance-Related Disorders epidemiology, Unemployment statistics & numerical data, Violence statistics & numerical data, Adolescent Behavior, Homicide statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Approximately 9% of the homicides in Finland are committed by adolescents under 20 years of age. The purpose of this study was to investigate the offence and offender characteristics in homicidal adolescents. Forensic psychiatric evaluation statements of adolescent offenders accused of a homicide during 1990-2001 were reviewed retrospectively (n=57). In 38% of the cases, there were multiple offenders. In 58% of the cases, the victim was an acquaintance, in 25% a stranger, in 12% a family member and in 5% of the cases an (ex)intimate partner. Sixty-nine percent of the offenders were intoxicated and 21% under the influence of drugs at the time of the killing. The most frequent motives were an argument (25%) and a robbery (25%). Sixty-four percent of the offenders had developmental problems and 42% had a crime history. Approximately half were diagnosed as having a conduct or a personality disorder, but 32% of the offenders were considered not to suffer from a mental illness or substance abuse. For 63%, the level of intellectual functioning was average or above average. There were signs of more than one form of violence in 54% of the cases and 28% of the cases contained excessive violence. The use of multiple and excessive violence was significantly related to the offender age, multiple offenders, offender-victim relationship and substance abuse, but not related to having developmental problems, crime history or mental illness.
- Published
- 2006
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22. Excessive violence and psychotic symptomatology among homicide offenders with schizophrenia.
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Laajasalo T and Häkkänen H
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Delusions diagnosis, Delusions epidemiology, Delusions psychology, Female, Finland, Hallucinations diagnosis, Hallucinations epidemiology, Hallucinations psychology, Humans, Insanity Defense, Male, Middle Aged, Prisoners statistics & numerical data, Psychotic Disorders epidemiology, Psychotic Disorders psychology, Risk Factors, Schizophrenia epidemiology, Statistics as Topic, Violence statistics & numerical data, Homicide psychology, Prisoners psychology, Psychotic Disorders diagnosis, Schizophrenia diagnosis, Schizophrenic Psychology, Violence psychology
- Abstract
Background: It is not currently known how psychotic symptoms are associated with the nature of violence among homicide offenders with schizophrenia, or, more specifically, whether different psychotic symptoms are differentially linked with excessive violence., Aim: To identify factors associated with the use of excessive violence among homicide offenders with schizophrenia., Methods: Forensic psychiatric examination statements and Criminal Index File data of 125 consecutive Finnish homicide offenders with a diagnosis of schizophrenia were analysed., Results: Nearly one-third of the cases in this sample involved extreme violence, including features such as sadism, mutilation, sexual components or multiple stabbings. Excessive violence was a feature of acts when the offender was not the sole perpetrator or when there was a previous homicidal history. Positive psychotic symptoms, including delusions, were not associated with the use of excessive violence., Conclusions: These results highlight the importance of variables other than clinical state when examining qualitative aspects of homicidal acts, such as the degree and nature of violence, by offenders with schizophrenia. Further study is needed with a more specific focus on the qualities of the violence among different subgroups of offenders, but inclusive of those with psychosis., (Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)
- Published
- 2006
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23. Homicide by ligature strangulation in Finland: offence and offender characteristics.
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Häkkänen H
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Crime Victims statistics & numerical data, Female, Finland epidemiology, Humans, Male, Methods, Middle Aged, Motivation, Personality Disorders epidemiology, Retrospective Studies, Schizophrenia epidemiology, Substance-Related Disorders epidemiology, Forensic Psychiatry, Homicide psychology, Homicide statistics & numerical data, Neck Injuries mortality
- Abstract
In Finland, homicide by ligature strangulation is a rare event. The purpose of this study was to investigate recent homicide cases by ligature strangulation and to analyse offence and offender characteristics. All forensic psychiatric evaluation statements of offenders accused of ligature strangulation homicides during the 7-year period 1996--2002 (n=19) were reviewed retrospectively. Thirty-five percent of the victims were females. In four cases, the victim was the offender's intimate partner; in one case, it was the stepson; in one case, a father and in the rest of the cases (n=13), an acquaintance. None of the cases involved planning, sadism or sexual elements. In 89% of the cases, the offender was either intoxicated or on drugs at the time of the offence and in 94% of the cases, the victim was found at the scene of the killing. Of the offenders, 63% had crime history, and approximately half of the offenders had experienced parental alcohol abuse, domestic violence or previous trauma. Most of the offenders were unemployed at the time of the offence. In all, 89% were diagnosed as having personality disorder and two were schizophrenic.
- Published
- 2005
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24. Laser-induced plasma spectroscopy to as low as 130 nm when a gas-purged spectrograph and ICCD detection are used.
- Author
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Kaski S, Häkkänen H, and Korppi-Tommola J
- Abstract
An experimental setup is described for measuring laser-induced plasma emission spectra in the near vacuum UV with a Czerny-Turner spectrograph and intensified charge-coupled device under atmospheric pressure. With a simple gas-purge technique, emission lines down to 130 nm could be recorded. The strongest emission lines of bromine, chlorine, and iodine in the near vacuum UV are easily detected.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Classifying homicide offenders and predicting their characteristics from crime scene behavior.
- Author
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Santtila P, Häkkänen H, Canter D, and Elfgren T
- Subjects
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Crime statistics & numerical data, Female, Homicide, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Prospective Studies, Social Adjustment, Crime classification, Crime psychology, Social Behavior Disorders epidemiology, Social Behavior Disorders psychology
- Abstract
A theoretical distinction between instrumental and expressive aggression was used in analyzing offender characteristics and their associations with crime scene actions in Finnish homicides. Twenty-one variables reflecting the offenders' criminal activity, previous relationships with intimates and victims, and general social and psychological adjustment were derived from files of single-offender/single-victim homicides occurring between 1980 and 1994 (n = 502). Additionally, three variables describing post-offense actions and police interview behavior were included. A multidimensional scaling procedure was used to investigate the interrelationships between the variables. A distinction between expressive and instrumental characteristics was observable in the empirical structure, which was divided into three subthemes of Instrumental, Expressive: Blood, and Expressive: Intimate. Associations between the characteristics with five previously identified subthemes of crime scene actions were computed. In addition, the subthemes of crime scene actions were related to post-offense actions and police interview behavior, with Expressive themes being associated with less denial as well as a greater likelihood of surrendering and confession. The practical usefulness for police investigations and theoretical implications of the results are discussed.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Fatal traffic accidents among trailer truck drivers and accident causes as viewed by other truck drivers.
- Author
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Häkkänen H and Summala H
- Subjects
- Adult, Fatigue prevention & control, Finland epidemiology, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Middle Aged, Multivariate Analysis, Odds Ratio, Risk, Accidents, Traffic mortality, Accidents, Traffic prevention & control, Attitude
- Abstract
Causality factors, the responsibility of the driver and driver fatigue-related factors were studied in fatal two-vehicle accidents where a trailer truck driver was involved during the period of 1991-1997 (n = 337). In addition, 251 long-haul truck drivers were surveyed in order to study their views regarding contributing factors in accidents involving trucks and the development of possible countermeasure against driver fatigue. Trailer truck drivers were principally responsible for 16% of all the accidents. Younger driver age and driving during evening hours were significant predictors of being principally responsible. In addition, the probability of being principally responsible for the accident increased by a factor of over three if the driver had a chronic illness. Prolonged driving preceding the accident, accident history or traffic offence history did not have a significant effect. Only 2% of the drivers were estimated to have fallen asleep while driving just prior to the accident, and altogether 4% of the drivers had been tired prior to the accident. Of the drivers 13% had however, been driving over 10 h preceding the accident (which has been criminally punishably in Finland since 1995 under the EC regulation) but no individual factors had a significant effect in predicting prolonged driving. The surveyed views regarding causes of truck accidents correspond well with the accident analysis. Accidents were viewed as being most often caused by other road users and driver fatigue was viewed to be no more than the fifth (out of eight) common cause of accidents. The probability of viewing fatigue as a more common cause increased significantly if the driver had experienced fatigue-related problems while driving. However, nearly half of the surveyed truck drivers expressed a negative view towards developing a technological countermeasure against driver fatigue. The negative view was not related to personal experiences of fatigue-related problems while driving.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Task effects on fatigue symptoms in overnight driving.
- Author
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Summala H, Häkkänen H, Mikkola T, and Sinkkonen J
- Subjects
- Adult, Fatigue psychology, Humans, Male, Time Factors, Videotape Recording, Automobile Driving psychology, Circadian Rhythm physiology, Fatigue physiopathology, Psychomotor Performance physiology, Wakefulness physiology
- Abstract
This study examined the effects of task and time-on-task on fatigue symptoms in overnight driving. Four participants drove an instrumented car 1200 km overnight and completed the same trip as passengers on another night. Subjective ratings of drowsiness, eye blink frequency and duration, microsleeps, and steering-wheel inputs were analysed as a function of time-on-task, and for separate samples when meeting oncoming heavy vehicles. Four video cameras were used to monitor the road view and the face of both the driver and passenger. In terms of eye closure duration, the reported microsleeps were shorter while driving (mean = 0.7 s, SD = 0.2 s) than as a passenger (mean = 2.6 s, SD = 2.0 s). Blink frequency increased with time-on-task as expected, indicating tiredness, and decreased when approaching an oncoming heavy vehicle, indicating attentive response to a potential critical situation. No consistent effect of time-on-task on high-frequency steering-wheel inputs when meeting oncoming heavy vehicles was found. The results raise the important question of what makes a driver wake from a microsleep earlier than a passenger and, given proper monitoring of long eyelid closures, what the proper intervention should be.
- Published
- 1999
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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